Net Neutrality (aka Internet Neutrality; aka Network Neutrality):

The concept of network neutrality centers on the idea that all traffic running over the network, generally taken to be the Internet, should be treated in the same way without discrimination, and without some content being given priority.

• Keeping the Internet free from interference, shaping or ‘throttling’ by service providers

Throttling:

Bandwidth throttling: a method of ensuring a bandwidth-intensive device, such as a server, will limit (‘throttle’) the quantity of data it transmits and/or accepts within a specified period of time. For website servers and web applications, bandwidth throttling helps limit network congestion and server crashes, whereas for ISP’s, bandwidth throttling can be used to limit users’ speeds across certain applications (such as BitTorrent), or limit upload speeds.

* Footnote: U.S. Republicans refer to ‘throttling’ as ‘Internet freedom’

IANA:

The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (operated on behalf of the U.S. Commerce Department) is at the top of the international hierarchy that decides Internet domain names (such as www.google.com)